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Animated model (double-tap to activate animation) Neurons (also called neurons or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, sending motor commands to our muscles, and transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between. Neurons have three distinct parts, including a cell body, axon, and dendrites. These parts help them to send and receive chemical and electrical signals.