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Horizons

Horizons refer to distinct layers of soil that develop over time due to various soil-forming processes. These layers include the O Horizon, which is the topmost layer rich in organic material; the A Horizon, known as topsoil, containing organic material mixed with minerals; the E Horizon, a lighter leaching layer; the B Horizon, or subsoil, where minerals accumulate; the C Horizon, consisting of weathered parent material; and the R Horizon, which is unweathered bedrock. Each horizon has unique characteristics that influence soil properties and fertility.