Physics تجارب الواقع المعزز

Ball and Ring: Rate of Expansion and Contraction

The Ball and Ring experiment illustrates thermal expansion by heating only the metal ball. Initially, the ball fits through the ring. When the ball is heated, it expands due to the increased kinetic energy of its atoms, causing it to grow in size. As a result, the heated ball can no longer pass through the ring, which remains unchanged in size. On the other side If the ball initially fits through the ring, heating them both will make the ball larger and the ring’s hole wider. This demonstrates how materials expand when heated.

Phonograph

The phonograph, invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1877, was the first device capable of recording and reproducing sound. It featured a rotating metal cylinder with a helical groove that guided a needle. Initially, the cylinder was wrapped in tinfoil, later replaced by a wax layer in subsequent models. Sound was recorded via a metallic funnel topped with a membrane, originally made from a fish gas bladder, which amplified the sound. A stylus attached to the membrane captured acoustic vibrations, etching them into the tinfoil. During playback, the needle’s oscillations were transmitted back to the membrane, recreating the sound.

Seismograph

A seismograph is an instrument that detects and records ground vibrations caused by seismic waves from earthquakes or other sources. It measures the intensity, duration, and direction of these waves, helping scientists analyze the magnitude and location of seismic events. Seismographs are crucial for earthquake monitoring, research, and early warning systems.

Computer Hard Drive

A computer hard drive is a crucial component responsible for storing and retrieving digital data on a computer system. It consists of one or more rigid disks coated with a magnetic material, spinning at high speeds while an actuator arm reads and writes data onto the disks using magnetic heads.

Static Electricity Generator Van de Graff

A Van de Graaff generator is a device that produces static electricity. It consists of a large, metal sphere connected to a rubber belt that moves continuously, transferring electrons and creating a high voltage. It’s commonly used for physics experiments and demonstrations.

Electromagnet

The model demonstrates a simple electromagnet, which can be turned on and off unlike permanent magnets. It operates on electricity, creating a magnetic field only when powered. This electromagnet can lift paper clips when activated but releases them when the power is cut. Discovered in 1820 by Hans Christian Oersted, the link between electricity and magnetism allows us to create and control powerful electromagnets using electricity, offering versatility in attraction and release with the flip of a switch.

Hourglass / Sand Clock

An hourglass, also known as a sand clock or sand timer, is a device used to measure time. It consists of two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated trickle of sand from the upper bulb to the lower one. The sand takes a specific amount of time to flow from one bulb to the other, marking the passage of time. Hourglasses have been used historically as simple, reliable timekeeping devices. They have been replaced by more accurate timekeeping instruments like clocks and watches but are still used for decorative purposes.

Realy

A relay functions as a small-scale electric switch triggered by a minor electrical current, capable of controlling a larger current. Its core component is an electromagnet, typically a coil of wire, which becomes magnetized temporarily when electrified. This magnetic force pulls a contact to engage another circuit. Once power ceases, a spring returns the contact to its original position. By reversing the current, another contact can be activated, enabling the connection of a different circuit. Relays are crucial in situations where sensors produce insufficient current to operate larger devices, serving as either switches or amplifiers.

Expansion of Air on Heating

Expansion of air on heating refers to the phenomenon where air increases in volume as its temperature rises. When air is heated, the molecules within it gain kinetic energy, causing them to move faster and spread out. This increased motion leads to greater spacing between the air molecules, resulting in an expansion of the air volume. This principle is governed by Charles’s Law, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, provided that pressure remains constant. As a result of this expansion, heated air becomes less dense and exerts less pressure on its surroundings.

Block and Tackle

A block and tackle is a set of pulleys used to lift objects by looping a rope over them, making lifting easier. Pulleys are simple machines that change the direction and force of tension in a rope. Two types are discussed here: the gun tackle, which has one pulley in each block and two rope parts supporting the load, and the double tackle, which has two pulleys in each block and four rope parts supporting the load.

Metal Detector

A metal detector is a handheld device that emits an electromagnetic field to detect metal objects hidden underground or within materials. When the device encounters a metal object, it detects changes in the magnetic field and alerts the user through an audible tone, visual display, or vibration. Metal detectors are used for treasure hunting, security screening, archaeology, utility locating, and industrial applications.

Physics - Organelle Building Codes

Organelle Building Codes" refers to the molecular mechanisms governing the assembly and organization of cellular organelles. It encompasses processes such as protein synthesis, molecular transport, and organelle biogenesis. Understanding these codes is crucial for deciphering cell biology and developing treatments for related diseases.

How an electric bell functions

The switch is pressed and current flows through the circuit. The electromagnet is powered and generates a magnetic field that attracts the iron strip towards it. The striker strikes the gong (bell). When the striking arm strikes the gong, the contact is broken and the current stops flowing through the circuit.

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction occurs when changing magnetic flux generates an electromagnetic field. Mutual inductance is a special case where one device affects another through Faraday's law. When using a generator for alternating voltage, the secondary coil experiences induction. However, with direct current, voltage is only measured briefly when the current change is triggered by a switch.

Extension cord

Extension cords are flexible cables that connect electrical devices to power outlets. They have a plug on one end and one or more sockets on the other end. The sockets are arranged parallelly in a power strip design. In a parallel circuit, the voltage between nodes remains constant across all branches, while the current may vary based on component resistance. Notably, disconnecting one branch does not affect the flow of electricity in other branches, allowing other appliances to operate normally.

Spherical Mirrors - Reflector

A type of mirror the reflecting surface of which is a portion of a sphere. Light rays emitted by a point source placed at the centre of the sphere are returned through the centre. Such mirrors are usually used as reinforcing mirrors

Diffusion

Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules under a concentration gradient. It is an important process occurring in all living beings. Diffusion helps in the movement of substances in and out of the cells. The molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until the concentration becomes equal throughout.

Heron's Fountain

Heron's fountain is a hydraulic machine that demonstrates the principles of hydraulics and pneumatics. Flow of water from high gravitational potential energy to low gravitational potential energy causes a fountain to form, due to increasing pressure on the inside of the system.

Cathode Ray Tube: Thomson's experiment by Vera4Art

Crystal Field Splitting Octahedral by Vera4Art

The d orbitals do not have the same energy since they experience different amounts of repulsion which depends on how they are orientated relative to the donor atoms of the ligands of the octahedral complex.

Distillation - montage by gilles.schaeck

Rutherford Geiger-Marsden experiment

The Geiger–Marsden experiments (also called the Rutherford gold foil experiment) were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists learned that every atom has a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass is concentrated.

Static Energy

Every object is made of atoms that are typically electrically neutral. They contain an equal number of protons (positive charge) within their nucleus and electrons (negative charge) surrounding the nucleus. Static electricity occurs when there is a separation of positive and negative charges within or on the surface of a material or between materials.

Zinc–carbon Battery – Section

Zinc-Carbon batteries are used in all inexpensive AA, C and D dry cell batteries. The electrodes are of zinc and carbon. The electrolyte is an acidic paste. This battery type is disposable.

AP Magnetism C E&M by Sophia Sun

Sophia Sun

Tokamak Nuclear Fusion

The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power.

Tokamak Nuclear Fusion

Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy.

Crookes Radiometer

A Crookes radiometer can provide a quantitative measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensity. When light rays hit the vanes of a radiometer, the black sides of the vanes absorb the rays better than the white sides. This causes the black side to become hotter than the white side (thermal energy). When molecules in the air hit the vanes heat energy is transferred to them.

Calorimeter

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process. For example, when an exothermic reaction occurs in solution in a calorimeter, the heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by the solution, which increases its temperature.

Generator

Electric generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A conductor coil (a copper coil tightly wound onto a metal core) is rotated rapidly between the poles of a horseshoe type magnet.

Roberval Balance

The Roberval Balance is based on parallelograms to maintain equilibrium regardless of orientation and weight distribution. Compared to a common lever balance, when two objects of equal mass are placed on two opposing arms, the system remains in equilibrium regardless of the position of the object on its respective arm.

Torricellian Barometer

A Torricellian barometer (sometimes called a mercury barometer) is an inverted (upside-down) glass tube standing in a bath of mercury. Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury, making some rise up the tube. The greater the air pressure, the higher the mercury rises.

Three-Phase Generator

A 3-phase generator produces power through three sequenced currents running simultaneously. Those currents require a stronger underlying voltage, but with this setup, you'll have continuous power generated from your unit. What's more, that power is not only more constant, but it's stronger, as well.

Work done by Gas in Isobaric Process

In the isochoric process, there is no work done. So the heat added to the gas increases the internal energy and temperature of the gas.

Potentiometer

Potentiometers can be used in a variety of applications and have been referred to as speed pots. They can be used to control the amount of voltage used by introducing resistance. Controlling the voltage of an AC motor affects the speed and can allow for manual control of a motor.

Volumetric Thermal Expansion

The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient is the most basic thermal expansion coefficient. illustrates that, in general, substances expand or contract when their temperature changes, with expansion or contraction occurring in all directions.

How does a hanging scale work

A hanging scale works by suspending an object from a hook or loop and measuring the force or weight applied. It utilizes a spring or set of springs that deform in response to the applied force. The scale is calibrated to display the weight based on the amount of spring deformation. It provides a simple and convenient way to measure the weight of objects.

Clepsydra - water clock

A Clepsydra, or water clock, is an ancient timekeeping device that measures time based on the regulated flow of water. It consists of a container with water that gradually flows into a calibrated reservoir, indicating the current time. Clepsydras were used in ancient civilizations when other timekeeping methods were not feasible. They showcase the ingenuity of early civilizations in tracking time.

Galileo Pendulum Clock

Galileo's escapement is a design for a clock escapement, invented around 1637 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. It was the earliest design of a pendulum clock. Since he was by then blind, Galileo described the device to his son Vincenzio, who drew a sketch of it.

Mechanical Oscillators

A mechanical oscillation is a periodic conversion of energy from potential energy to kinetic energy to potential energy etc.

Joule Apparatus

James Joule invented a device that can measure the change in temperature of a volume of fluid(heat) per input work (mechanical energy). The main pieces of the apparatus include a thermometer, a chamber for fluid, a propeller submerged in the fluid and a crank for the input work (external)

Magnetization by Coil

Electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents interact with magnetic fields, in devices such as electric motors, generators, inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and sensor coils.

Construction of 1.5V Battery

Perpetual Motion Simulator Marble Machine

Perpetual motion, the action of a device that, once set in motion, would continue in motion forever, with no additional energy required to maintain it. Such devices are impossible on grounds stated by the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

Sound Transfer

Sound does not travel at all in space. The vacuum of outer space has essentially zero air. Because sound is just vibrating air, space has no air to vibrate and therefore no sound.

Gauss Rifle - magnetic Accelerator

A Gauss rifle works by transferring kinetic energy from one ball bearing to another, known as the conservation of momentum. As the loose ball, let's call it the trigger ball, moves towards first magnet it is attracted by the magnetic field and accelerates towards the magnet.

Magdeburg Hemispheres

Magdeburg hemispheres are two half-spheres of equal size. Placing them together traps air between them. This air is merely trapped, and not compressed, so the pressure inside is the same as the pressure of the atmosphere outside the spheres. That is to say, the air is pushing equally strongly inside as it is outside. The spheres thus pull apart with nearly no resistance. Now what if all the air were removed from the inside? Then no air remains to push on the inside of the sphere, but the air outside is pushing at atmospheric pressure. The push from the outside isn't balanced by another push on the inside, so the two hemispheres become very hard to separate.

Ampere's Law

According to Ampere’s law, magnetic fields are related to the electric current produced in them. The law specifies the magnetic field that is associated with a given current or vice-versa, provided that the electric field doesn’t change with time.

Rheostat

A rheostat is a variable resistor which is used to control current. They are able to vary the resistance in a circuit without interruption. The construction is very similar to the construction of potentiometers. It uses only two connections, even when 3 terminals (as in a potentiometer) are present.

Potential energy

In physics, potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field.

Boiling water simulation

Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere.

Free fall in vacuum tube

Free fall in a vacuum tube refers to the motion of an object falling without any air resistance in a controlled environment where the air has been completely removed. In this scenario, the object experiences a near-weightless environment due to the absence of air particles. Without air resistance, the object's descent is unimpeded, allowing it to accelerate continuously under the influence of gravity.

Candle clock

Candle clocks were used at a time when mechanical clocks had not been invented. They provided people, back then, with the means of measuring the time duration that had elapsed. As can be seen, a candle clock uses a candle as its main element for showing the passage of time. It is made out of a particular type of wax, whose rate of burning is known. The height and width of the candle is fixed accordingly, so that it may be able to accurately show the passage of the required duration of time.

Oersted's Experiment

Hans Christian Oersted performed an important experiment which showed that there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. When a current was switched on through a wire, it made a compass needle turn so that it was at right angles to the wire. The current had produced a magnetic field strong enough to cause the compass needle to turn.

Fiber Optick Cable

Temperature Dependence of the Conductors

Conductor in Magnetic Field

When current is passed through a straight current-carrying conductor, a magnetic field is produced around it.

Brachistochrone Problem

Johann Bernoulli solved this problem showing that the cycloid which allows the particle to reach the given vertical line most quickly is the one which cuts that vertical line at right angles.

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This reaction takes place in a unit called an electrolyzer.

How does a Pin Tumbler Lock work

A pin tumbler lock operates using pins and springs inside a cylinder. The correct key aligns the pins at the shear line, allowing the plug to rotate. Incorrect keys prevent proper alignment, keeping the lock secure. Springs push the pins downward, creating a separation between the plug and the housing. This design ensures reliable and secure locking.